Mary as the New Eve
EXTRACTS FOR THE
TIMES
MARY - THE SECOND
EVE
FROM FROM THE WRITINGS
OF JOHN HENRY NEWMAN
COMPILED BY SISTER
EILEEN BREEN, F.M.A.
Extracts with the approval of the
Fathers of the Birmingham Oratory
CONTENTS
I PREFACE
II SOURCES
III INTRODUCTORY EXTRACTS
IV THE SECOND EVE
V THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION
VI EXALTATION
VII THEOTOCOS
VIII THE ASSUMPTION
IX INTERCESSORY POWER
X DEVOTION
PREFACE
This pamphlet consists of a series of extracts from some of the
books written by John Henry Newman. The extracts are arranged
systematically so as to provide continuous reading of his key-thoughts
and key-explanations about the Blessed Virgin. There is no word
other than Newman's in the pamphlet-except where he himself quotes
the early Fathers of the Church.
A very important part of the pamphlet is that of the quotations
Newman gives-chiefly in the section on THE SECOND EVE, but also
in that on THEOTOCOS - from the early Fathers of the Church,
who had received the teaching of the Apostles. It was his reading
of the Fathers which made him realise that their teaching-being
the teaching of the early Church-was the true teaching,-teaching
based on the truth of Scripture.
On 29th January, 1868, Newman, when Commenting on the acceptance-in
England his Apologia, wrote:
". . . Perhaps He wishes me to do nothing new, but He is
creating an opportunity for what I have already written to work.
. . . Perhaps my name is to be turned to account as a sanction
and outset by which others, who agree with me in opinion, should
write and publish instead of me, and thus begin the transmission
of views in religious and intellectual matters congenial with
my own to the generation after me." (From THE LIFE OF JOHN
HENRY CARDINAL NEWMAN, by Wilfrid Ward, London, 1912. Vol.11
p.204).
H.H. Pope Paul VI used part of the above quotation in his address
to the Newman Symposium (7th April, 1975), and he added: ".
. . the present time can be considered in a special way as Newman's
hour, in which with confidence in Divine Providence, he placed
his great hopes and expectations. . . . it is precisely the present
moment that suggests, in a particularly pressing and persuasive
way, the study and diffusion of Newman's thought. . . . May his
prayer become ours too: 'Enable me to believe as if I saw; let
me have Thee always before me as if Thou wert always bodily and
sensibly present. Let me ever hold communion with Thee, my hidden,
but my living God.'" (Meditations and Devotions).
18th June, 1977. SISTER EILEEN BREEN, F.M.A.,
Feast of The Immaculate Heart of Mary. Compiler.
SOURCES
I A LETTER TO THE REV. E. B. PUSEY, D.D.,
ON HIS RECENT EIRENICON
BY JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., OF THE ORATORY
(Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, 1866).
II MEDITATIONS AND DEVOTIONS OF THE LATE
CARDINAL NEWMAN
(Longman, Green and Co., 1893).
III DISCOURSES ADDRESSED TO MIXED CONGREGATIONS
BY JOHN HENRY NEWMAN
(Dublin: James Duffy, Wellington Quay and
London: 22 Paternoster Row, 1862).
lV SAYINGS OF CARDINAL NEWMAN
Originally published 1890.
(Carraig Books (Reprints 3-1976),
Blackrock, Co. Dublin).
V TO HENRY WILBERFORCE Maryvale, January 19th, 1948.
(The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman
Volume XII)
(Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.)
INTRODUCTORY EXTRACTS
there just now seems a call on me . . . to avow plainly what
I do and what I do not hold about tile Blessed Virgin, that others
may know, did they come to stand where I stand, what they would,
and what they would not, be bound to hold concerning her. (I
p.27).
* * *
Though I hold, as you know, a process of development in Apostolic
truth as time goes on, such development does not supersede the
Fathers but explains and completes them. And, in particular,
as regards our teaching concerning the Blessed Virgin, with the
Fathers I am content;
. . . the Fathers are enough for me. (I p.26).
* * *
I fully grant that devotion towards the Blessed Virgin has increased
among Catholics with the progress of centuries; I do not allow
that the doctrine concerning her has undergone a growth, for
I believe that it has been in substance one and the same from
the beginning. (I p.28).
* * *
The faith is everywhere one and the same; but a large liberty
is accorded to private judgement and inclination as regards matters
of devotion. (I p. 30).
* * *
I recollect one saying among others of my confessor, a Jesuit
father, one of the holiest, most prudent men I ever knew. He
said that we could not love the Blessed Virgin too much, if we
loved our Lord a great deal more. (I p.23).
* * *
THE SECOND EVE
What is the great rudimental teaching of Antiquity from its earliest
date concerning her? By
"rudimental teaching" I mean the prima facie view of
her person and office, the broad outline laid
down of her, the aspect under which she comes to us, in the writings
of the Fathers. She is the Second Eve. Now let us consider what
this implies. Eve had a definite, essential position in the First
Covenant.
The fate of the human race lay with Adam; he it was who represented
us. It was in Adam that we fell;
though Eve had fallen, still, if Adam had stood, we should not
have lost those supernatural privileges
which were bestowed upon him as our first father. Yet though
Eve was not the head of the race, still,
even as regards the race, she had a place of her own; for Adam,
to whom was divinely committed the
naming of all things, entitled her "the Mother of all the
living", a name surely expressive, not of
a fact only, but of a dignity; but further, as she thus had her
own general relation to the human race,
so again had she her own special place as regards its trial and
its fall in Adam. In those primeval
events, Eve had an integral share. "The woman, being seduced,
was in the transgression." She
listened to the Evil Angel; she offered the fruit to her husband,
and he ate of it. She co-operated,
not as an irresponsible instrument, but intimately and personally
in the sin; she brought it about. As the history stands, she
was a sine-qua-non, a positive, active, cause of it. And she
had her share in its punishment; in the sentence pronounced on
her, she was recognised as a real agent in the temptation and
its issue, and she suffered accordingly. In that awful transaction
there were three parties concerned,-the serpent, the woman, and
the man; and at the time of their sentence, an event was announced
for the future, in which the three same parties were to meet
again, the serpent, the woman, and the man; but it was to be
a second Adam and a second Eve, and the new Eve was to be the
mother of the new Adam. "I will put enmity between thee
and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed." The Seed
of the woman is the Word Incarnate, and the Woman, whose seed
or son He is, is His mother Mary. This interpretation, and the
parallelism it involves, seem to me undeniable; but at all events
(and this is my point) the parallelism is the doctrine of the
Fathers, from the earliest times; and, this being established,
we are able, by the position and office of Eve in our fall, to
determine the position and office of Mary in our restoration.
I shall adduce passages from their writings, with their respective
countries and dates; and the dates shall extend from their births
6r conversions to their deaths, since what they propound is at
once the doctrine which they had received from the generation
before them, and the doctrine which was accepted and recognised
as true by the generation to whom they transmitted it.
First, then, St. Justin Martyr (A.D. 120-165), St. Irenaeus (12O-200),
and Tertullian (160-240). Of these Tertian represents Africa
and Rome; St. Justin represents Palestine; and St. Irenaeus Asia
Minor and Gaul;-or rather he represents St. John the Evangelist,
for he had been taught by the Martyr St. Polycarp, who was the
intimate associate as of St. John, so of the other Apostles.
1. St. Justin:
"We know that He, before all creatures, proceeded from the
Father by His power and will,. ..and by means of the Virgin became
man, that by what way the disobedience arising from the serpent
had its beginning, by that way also it might have an undoing.
For Eve, being a virgin and undefiled, conceiving the word that
was from the serpent, brought forth disobedience and death; but
the Virgin Mary, taking faith and joy, when the Angel told her
the good tidings, that the Spirit of the Lord should come upon
her and the power of the Highest overshadow her, and therefore
the Holy One that was born of her was Son of God, answered, 'Be
it to me according to Thy word.'"
-Tryph. 100.
Tertullian:-
"God recovered His image and likeness, which the devil had
seized, by a rival operation. For into Eve, as yet a virgin,
had crept the word which was the framer of death. Equally into
a virgin was to be introduced the Word of God which was the builder-up
of life; that, what by that sex had gone into perdition, by the
same sex might be brought back to salvation. Eve had believed
the serpent; Mary believed Gabriel; the fault which the one committed
by believing, the other by believing has blotted out."
-De Carn. Christ. 17.
3. St. Irenaeus: -
"With a fitness, Mary the Virgin is found obedient, saying,
'Behold Thy handmaid, 0 Lord; be it to me according to Thy word.'
But Eve was disobedient; for she obeyed not, while she was yet
a virgin. As she, having indeed Adam for a husband, but as yet
being a virgin . . becoming disobedient, became the cause of
death both to herself and to the whole human race, so also Mary,
having the predestined man, and being yet a Virgin, being obedient,
became both to herself and to the whole human race the cause
of salvation.
. . . And on account of this the Lord said, that the first should
be last and the last first. And the Prophet signifies the same,
saying, 'Instead of fathers you have children.' For, whereas
the Lord, when born, was the first-begotten of the dead, and
received into His bosom the primitive fathers, He regenerated
them into the life of God, He Himself becoming the beginning
of the living, since Adam became the beginning of the dying.
Therefore also Luke, commencing the line of generations from
the Lord, referred it back to Adam, signifying that He regenerated
the old fathers, not they Him, into the Gospel of life. And so
the knot of Eye's disobedience received its unloosing through
the obedience of Mary; for what Eve, a virgin, bound by incredulity,
that Mary, a virgin, unloosed by faith."
-Adv. Haer. iii. 22.34.
And again:-
"As Eve by the speech of an Angel was seduced, so as to
flee God, transgressing His word, so also Mary received the good
tidings by means of the Angel's speech, so as to bear God within
her, being obedient to His word. And, though the one had disobeyed
God, yet the other was drawn to obey God; that of the virgin
Eve the Virgin Mary might become the advocate. And, as by a virgin
the human race had been bound to death, by a virgin it is saved,
the balance being preserved, a virgin's disobedience by a virgin's
obedience."
-Ibid. v.19.
Now what is especially noticeable in these three writers, is,
that they do not speak of the Blessed Virgin merely as the physical
instrument of our Lord's taking flesh, but as an intelligent,
responsible
cause of it; her faith and obedience being accessories to the
Incarnation, and gaining it as her reward. As Eve failed in these
virtues, and brought on the fall of the race in Adam, so Mary
by means of them had a part in its restoration. . . . not to
go beyond the doctrine of the Three Fathers, they unanimously
declare that she was not a mere instrument in the Incarnation,
such as David, or 3udah, may be considered; they declare she
co-operated in our salvation not merely by the descent of the
Holy Ghost upon her body, but by specific holy acts, the effect
of the Holy Ghost within her soul; that, as Eve forfeited privileges
by sin, so Mary earned privileges by the fruits of grace; that,
as Eve was disobedient and unbelieving, so Mary was obedient
and believing; that, as Eve was a cause of ruin to all, Mary
was a cause of salvation to all; that as Eve made room for Adam's
fall, so Mary made room for our Lord's reparation of it; and
thus, whereas the free gift was not as the offence, but much
greater, it follows that, as Eve co-operated in effecting a great
evil, Mary
co-operated in effecting a much greater good.
And, besides the run of the argument, which reminds the reader
of St. Paul's antithetical sentences in tracing the analogy between
Adam's work and our Lord's work, it is well to observe the particular
words under which the Blessed Virgin's office is described. Tertullian
says that Mary "blotted out" Eve's fault, and "brought
back the female sex", or "the human race, to salvation";
and St. Irenaeus says that "by obedience she was the cause
or occasion" (whatever was the original Greek word) "of
salvation to herself and the whole human race"; that by
her the human race is saved; that by her Eve's complication is
disentangled; and that she is Eve's Advocate, or friend in need.
It is supposed by critics, Protestant as well as Catholic, that
the Greek word for Advocate in the original was Paraclete; it
should be borne in mind, then, when we are accused of giving
Our Lady the titles and offices of her Son, that St. Irenaeus
bestows on her the special Name and Office proper to the Holy
Ghost.
So much as to the nature of this triple testimony; now as to
the worth of it. For a moment put aside St. Irenaeus, and put
together St. Justin in the East with Tertullian in the West.
I think I may assume that the doctrine of these two Fathers about
the Blessed Virgin, was the received doctrine of their own respective
times and places; for
writers after all are but witnesses of facts and beliefs, and
as such they are treated by all parties in controversial discussion.
Moreover, the coincidence of doctrine which they exhibit, and
again, the antithetical completeness of it, show that they themselves
did not originate it. The next question is, Who did? for from
one definite organ or source, place or person, it must have come.
Then we must inquire, what length of time would it take for such
a doctrine to have extended, and to be received, in the second
century over so wide an area; that is, to be received before
the year 200 in Palestine, Africa, and Rome. Can we refer the
common source of these local traditions to a date later than
that of the Apostles, St. John dying within thirty or forty years
of St. Justin's conversion and Tertullian's birth? Make what
allowance you will for whatever possible exceptions can be taken
to this representation; and then, after doing so, add to the
concordant testimony of these two Fathers the evidence of St.
Irenaeus, which is so close upon the School of St. John himself
in Asia Minor. "A three-fold cord", as the wise man
says, "is not quickly broken." Only suppose there were
so early and so broad a testimony, to the effect that our Lord
was a mere man, the son of Joseph; should we be able to insist
upon the faith of the Holy Trinity as necessary to salvation?
Or supposing three such witnesses could be brought to the fact
that a consistory of elders governed the local churches, or that
each local congregation was an independent Church; or that the
Christian community was without priests, could Anglicans maintain
their doctrine that the rule of Episcopal succession is necessary
to constitute a Church? And then recollect that the Anglican
Church especially appeals to the ante-Nicene centuries, and taunts
us with having superseded their testimony.
St.Cyril of Jerusalem (315-386)speaks for Palestine:-
"Since through Eve, a virgin, came death, it behoved, that
through a Virgin, or rather from a Virgin, should life appear;
that, as the Serpent had deceived the one, so to the other Gabriel
might bring good tidings."
-Cat. xii. 15.
5. St. Ephrem Syrus (he died 378) is a witness for the Syrians
proper and the neighbouring Orientals, in contrast to the Graeco-Syrians.
A native of Nisibis on the further side of the Euphrates, he
knew no language but Syriac.
"Through Eve, the beautiful and desirable glory of men was
extinguished; but it has revived through Mary."
-Opp. Syr. ii. p.318.
Again:-
"In the beginning, by the sin of our first parents, death
passed upon all men; today, through Mary we are translated from
death unto life. In the beginning, the serpent filled the ears
of Eve, and the poison spread thence over the whole body; today,
Mary from her ears received the champion of eternal happiness:
what, therefore, was an instrument of death, was an instrument
of life also."
-iii. p.607.
St. Epiphanius (32~400) speaks for Egypt, Palestine, and Cyprus:-
"She it is, who is signified by Eve, enigmatically receiving
the appellation of the Mother of the living. It was a wonder
that after the fall she had this great epithet. And, according
to what is material, from that Eve all the race of man on earth
is generated. But thus in truth from Mary the Life itself was
born in the world, that Mary might bear living things, and become
the Mother of living things. Therefore, enigmatically, Mary is
called the Mother of living things. . . . Also, there is another
thing to consider as to these women, and wonderful,-as to Eve
and Mary. Eve became a cause of death to men . . . and Mary a
cause of life; . . . that life might be instead of death, life
excluding death which came from the woman, viz. He who through
the woman has become our life."
-Haer. 78. 18.
7. By the time of St. Jerome (331-420), the contrast between
Eve and Mary had almost passed into a proverb. He says (Ep. xxii.
21, ad Eustoch.), "Death by Eve, life by Mary." Nor
let it be supposed that he, any more than the preceding Fathers,
considered the Blessed Virgin a mere physical instrument of giving
birth to our Lord, who is the Life. So far from it, in the Epistle
from which I have quoted, he is only adding. another virtue to
that crown which gained for Mary her divine Maternity. They have
spoken of faith, joy, and obedience; St. Jerome adds, what they
had only suggested, virginity. After the manner of the Fathers
in his own day, he is setting forth the Blessed Mary to the high-born
Roman Lady, whom he is addressing, as the model of the virginal
life; and his argument in its behalf is, that it is higher than
the marriage-state, not in itself, viewed in any mere natural
respect, but as being the free act of self-consecration to God,
and from the personal religious purpose which it involves.
"Higher wage", he says, "is due to that which
is not a compulsion, but an offering; for, were virginity commanded,
marriage would seem to be put out of the question; and it would
be most cruel to force men against nature, and to extort from
them an angel's life."
-20
I do not know whose testimony is more important than St. Jerome's,
the friend of Pope Damasus at Rome, the pupil of St. Gregory
Nazianzen at Constantinople, and of Didymus in Alexandria, a
native of Dalmatia, yet an inhabitant, at different times of
his life, of Gaul, Syria, and Palestine.
8. St. Jerome speaks for the whole world, except Africa; and
for Africa in the fourth century, if we must limit so world-wide
an authority to place, witnesses St. Augustine (35~430). He repeats
the words as if a proverb, "By a woman death, by a woman
life" (Opp. t.v. Serm. 232); elsewhere he enlarges on the
idea conveyed in it. In one place he quotes St. Irenaeus's words
as cited above (adv. Julian i. n. 5). In another he speaks as
follows:-
"It is a great sacrament that, whereas through woman death
became our portion, so life was born to us by woman; that, in
the case of both sexes, male and female, the baffled devil should
be tormented, when on the overthrow of both sexes he was rejoicing;
whose punishment had been small, if both sexes had been liberated
in us, without our being liberated through both."
-Opp. t. vi. De Agon. Christ. c.24.
St. Peter Chrysologus (40~450), Bishop of Ravenna, and one of
the chief authorities in the 4th General Council:-
"Blessed art thou among women; for among women, on whose
womb Eve, who was cursed, brought punishment, Mary, being blest,
rejoices, is honoured, and is looked up to. And woman now is
truly made through grace the Mother of the living, who had been
by nature the mother of the dying.... Heaven feels awe of God,
Angels tremble at Him, the creature sustains Him not, nature
sufficeth not; and yet one maiden so takes, receives, entertains
Him, as a guest within her breast, that, for the very hire of
her home, and as the price of her womb, she asks, she obtains
peace for the earth, glory for the heavens, salvation for the
lost, life for the dead, a heavenly parentage for the earthly,
the union of God Himself with human flesh."
-Serm. 140.
It is difficult to express more explicitly, though in oratorical
language, that the Blessed Virgin had a real meritorious co-operation,
a share which had a "hire" and a "price",
in the reversal of the fall.
St. Fulgentius, Bishop of Ruspe in Africa (468-533). The Homily
which contains the following passage, is placed by Ceillier (t.
xvi. p.127) among his genuine works:-
"In the wife of the first man, the wickedness of the devil
depraved her seduced mind; in the mother of the Second Man, the
grace of God preserved both her mind inviolate and her flesh.
On her mind it conferred the most firm faith; from her flesh
it took away lust altogether. Since then man was in a miserable
way condemned for sin, therefore without sin was in a marvellous
way born the God-man."
-Senn. 2, p.124. De Dupi. Nati".
Such is the rudimental view, as I have called it, which the Fathers
have given us of Mary, as the Second Eve, the Mother of the living:
I have cited ten authors. I could cite more, were it necessary:
except the two last, they write gravely and without any rhetoric.
I allow that the two last write in a different style, since the
extracts I have made are from their sermons; but I do not see
that the colouring conceals the outline. And after all, men use
oratory on great subjects, not on small;-nor would they, and
other Fathers whom I might quote, have lavished their high language
upon the Blessed Virgin, such as they gave to no one else, unless
they knew well that no one else had such claims, as she had,
on their love and veneration.
(I p.33-46).
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